NOTTINGHAM, 09-Mar-2017 — /EuropaWire/ — Scientists have discovered for the first time how animals link the change in seasons to their fertility.
A study, led by academics at the Universities of Nottingham and Bristol and published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), reveals the link between breeding season and the hormone melatonin, made in the pineal gland in the brain during long winter nights.
Joint senior author David Bates, Professor of Oncology in the School of Medicine at The University of Nottingham, said: “Changes during the year in sex hormones made in the pituitary gland control when mammals start reproducing, and other changes like growing new coats or developing antlers.
“The length of the day is recognised in most vertebrate animals by the pineal gland in the brain, which produces melatonin. However, until now, it has not been known how melatonin, which is produced at night, signals to the area of the pituitary gland that controls sex hormones.”
The team of scientists, which also included PhD student Dr Jennifer Castle-Miller and Dr Domingo Tortonese, in the Faculty of Health Sciences at the University of Bristol, found that in sheep, melatonin controls production of two different types of a protein called vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). This happens within a specific region of the pituitary gland, away from the area where sex hormones are made.
In winter, sheep make forms of VEGF that stop blood vessels growing. In summer, they make a different VEGF that makes vessels grow between the two areas of the pituitary. This allows VEGF to act as a messenger to control sex hormone-producing cells and fertility – the first time that the molecule linking long winter nights to sex hormones has been found.
The search for the missing link between the different parts of the pituitary has been going on for nearly 30 years, because knowing how this works could, for instance, help control when sheep start lambing, enabling farmers to respond to climate change. The findings also have wider implications for how animals, and potentially humans, use this system in health and disease.
The scientific paper Mechanisms Regulating Angiogenesis Underlie Seasonal Control of Pituitary Function is published by PNAS and will be available on the PNAS website after the embargo has lifted.
— Ends —
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Notes to editors: The University of Nottingham has 43,000 students and is ‘the nearest Britain has to a truly global university, with a “distinct” approach to internationalisation, which rests on those full-scale campuses in China and Malaysia, as well as a large presence in its home city.’ (Times Good University Guide 2016). It is also one of the most popular universities in the UK among graduate employers and was named University of the Year for Graduate Employment in the 2017 The Times and The Sunday Times Good University Guide. It is ranked in the world’s top 75 by the QS World University Rankings 2015/16, and 8th in the UK for research power according to the Research Excellence Framework 2014. It has been voted the world’s greenest campus for four years running, according to Greenmetrics Ranking of World Universities.
Impact: The Nottingham Campaign, its biggest-ever fundraising campaign, is delivering the University’s vision to change lives, tackle global issues and shape the future. More news…
Story credits
More information is available from Professor David Bates in the School of Medicine, University of Nottingham on +44 (0)115 823 1135, david.bates@nottingham.ac.uk or Emma Thorne, Media Relations Manager for the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences in the Communications Office at The University of Nottingham, on +44 (0)115 951 5793, emma.thorne@nottingham.ac.uk
Emma Thorne – Media Relations Manager
Email: emma.thorne@nottingham.ac.uk
Phone: +44 (0)115 951 5793
Location: University Park
SOURCE: The University of Nottingham
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