Une équipe de chercheurs français, népalais et singapouriens, impliquant le CEA et le CNRS, a pu mettre à jour l’existence de ruptures de surface liées à une très forte activité sismique, le long de la faille bordière de l’Himalaya.
19-1-2013 — /europawire.eu/ — Des chroniques historiques témoignent de l’existence de très forts séismes passés, notamment en 1255 et 1934, sans qu’aucune trace géologique en surface n’y soit corrélée. La découverte de ruptures de surface liées à ces événements va permettre d’étudier la périodicité des forts tremblements de terre dans la région, pour mieux comprendre l’activité géologique du secteur et améliorer la prévention des risques encourus par les populations. Ces résultats sont publiés en janvier dans la revue Nature Geoscience.
Des millions de personnes sont exposées à de très forts séismes tout le long de l’Himalaya (figure 1). L’étude du comportement de la faille qui les produit, dimensionnant pour partie l’évaluation du risque sismique, est donc cruciale pour les populations locales. L’étude des séismes dans la région butait sur une difficulté frustrante : en l’absence de découverte de ruptures de surfaces, la position des failles qui les ont produites était inconnue. Il était donc difficile d’estimer leur puissance et leur fréquence.
En réalisant des tranchées dans la zone où la faille doit atteindre la surface (figure 2), les chercheurs sont parvenus à mettre à jour deux ruptures de surface sismique affectant des sédiments de rivières récents. Ces traces géologiques, témoignages des séismes historiques suffisamment puissants pour affecter la surface de la Terre, ont été identifiées par une cartographie géologique détaillée entreprise dans le sud-est du Népal. Les charbons de bois prélevés dans les dépôts sédimentaires affectés par la rupture sismique ont été datés au carbone 14. Ces datations révèlent que ce segment de la faille frontale himalayenne a été activé par deux fois depuis le 13e siècle :
- la première rupture est attribuée au grand séisme himalayen de 1255 qui dévasta Katmandu et blessa mortellement le roi du Népal Abhaya Malla ;
- la seconde correspond au séisme de magnitude 8.2 du 15 janvier 1934.
Cette découverte laisse supposer que d’autres grands séismes historiques himalayens ont probablement produit des ruptures de surface qu’il reste à déchiffrer. C’est un enjeu majeur pour la communauté scientifique qui trouve dans cette région un laboratoire exceptionnel d’étude du cycle sismique.
Références :
Primary surface ruptures of the great Himalayan earthquakes in 1934 and 1255, S. N. Sapkota, L. Bollinger, Y. Klinger, P. Tapponnier, Y. Gaudemer and D. Tiwari,
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